Read four-digit SMD markings such as 1002 and 4701 by using three significant digits and a final multiplier digit.

Decode the supported three-digit SMD marking pattern by separating significant digits from the final multiplier digit.

Measure a resistor safely and interpret why an in-circuit reading may disagree with its color bands.

A cautious workflow for damaged, dirty, overheated, or low-contrast resistor markings.

Decode the most common through-hole resistor format: two digits, one multiplier, and one tolerance band.

Understand common surface-mount resistor markings and why package, manufacturer, and datasheet context matters.

Work backward from an ohm value to a practical three-, four-, five-, or six-band color sequence.

Use spacing, color availability, and circuit context to identify the correct end of a resistor.

Decode the sixth resistor band and understand how ppm/K describes resistance change with temperature.

Understand what gold, silver, brown, red, and precision tolerance bands mean for the usable resistance range.

Distinguish three significant digits, tolerance, and the extra temperature coefficient band in precision resistors.

Learn what changes between three-band and four-band resistor markings, including the assumed tolerance.